台盼蓝活体染色法观察瓦氏黄颡鱼血脾屏障研究

为探讨瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)脾脏组织结构和血脾屏障位置,该研究对其脾脏进行了形态大小、组织学和活体染色观察。结果显示,瓦氏黄颡鱼的脾脏位于腹腔中部,呈暗红色,脾体指数为0.120%~0.273%;对健康脾脏制备石蜡切片,分别进行HE染色和改良James染色,显微镜观察发现其脾组织主要由不发达的被膜系统、分界不清的红髓和白髓及由网状纤维和胶原纤维组成的纤维支架构成。其中网状纤维主要位于脾索和椭球体周围,胶原纤维主要位于脾索;使用台盼蓝活体染色法对健康瓦氏黄颡鱼的血脾屏障部位和功能探索发现,台盼蓝主要位于脾脏的椭球体内皮细胞中,最早出现在注射后的第4小时,随时间推移在椭球体内逐渐累积,24 h后数量显著增加,并持续增加至第72小时。结果表明椭球体内皮细胞是血脾屏障的重要组成成分。     

Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

基于Copula 函数的边坡可靠度高效分析方法

将Copula函数与高效蒙特卡洛方法结合,提出了含相关随机变量的边坡可靠度高效分析方法。以两个岩质边坡稳定性问题为例验证了所提方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法相比于直接蒙特卡洛方法在保证边坡失效概率的准确性的同时计算效率更高。Copula函数可以构造出具有不同相关结构的岩土体参数的联合概率分布,与高效蒙特卡洛方法(即蒙特卡洛重要抽样方法和子集模拟)结合能高效地处理含多种相关随机变量的边坡可靠度计算问题,相比于现行的Nataf变换方法结果更能体现岩土边坡真实稳定性。此外,该方法也能高效地计算含有复杂的隐式功能函数的边坡可靠度,研究成果拓展了高效蒙特卡洛方法在边坡可靠度分析中的应用。     

青冈栎林分空间结构对林下更新的影响

林分空间结构会显著影响其林下幼树更新。为明确其影响林下幼树更新的关键因子,以湖南省青羊湖国有林场青冈栎林天然次生林为研究对象,测量幼树株数密度、树高、地径和冠幅,计算混交度、大小比数、开敞度指数以及聚集指数代表林分空间结构,评价林下幼树更新情况,并用灰色关联度分析方法探究两者间的相关关系。结果表明,青羊湖国有林场13块青冈栎林样地林下更新幼树有6种,分属于4科5属,分别是青冈栎、苦槠、多脉青冈、南酸枣、黄檀、马尾松,青冈栎在更新幼树中占明显优势,是优势树种,幼树重要值为63.09%。青冈栎林各林分空间结构指数与林下更新指数均大于0.5,关联度较高,综合所有林分空间结构指数对林下更新指数关联度的均值来看,对林下更新的影响由大到小为大小比数>开敞度>聚集指数>混交度,大小比数对青冈栎林下更新影响最为显著。在促进青冈栎天然次生林林下更新时,应以调整林木大小分化程度为主,综合考虑林木空间分布格局的调整方案。     

‘72杨’韧皮部的构造与理化性能

将‘72杨’、杉木和毛竹的木质部进行对比试验,观察并测试‘72杨’韧皮部的解剖构造以及理化特性,为其高值化利用提供基础数据。使用场发射环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等设备和NREL标准对‘72杨’韧皮部的微观结构、结晶度、化学成分等物化性质进行测定与分析。研究结果表明,‘72杨’韧皮部中韧皮薄壁细胞和筛管分子占细胞总面积的(81.9±1.8)%,结构相对简单。‘72杨’韧皮部气干密度为0.358 g/cm3,绝干密度为0.321 g/cm3;而木质部的相应密度较高,分别为0.497和0.482 g/cm3;‘72杨’韧皮部结晶度仅为19.4%,比木质部低8.7%。‘72杨’韧皮部纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量分别为28.7%,11.1%,24.1%,均低于木质部中相应成分的含量,且木质化程度低,半纤维素以木糖为主。此外,由红外谱图发现‘72杨’韧皮部含有单宁、酚类、胼胝质等物质。‘72杨’韧皮部具有低密多孔、结构疏松、结晶度低、木质素含量低、抽提物含量高等特点。因此,‘72杨’韧皮部特别有利于机械(能耗低)或化学(抗降解屏障低)降解以及物化改性(多孔、可及性强),可提取酚类、单宁、胼胝质等物质用于工业应用,研究结果可为‘72杨’韧皮部的高值化利用提供重要的理论依据。     

数值模型结构不确定性对模拟结果的影响分析

以内蒙古鄂托克旗为例,基于GMS中的MODFLOW模块构建了地下水流数值模拟模型,分析了模型结构(含水层厚度、参数分区)与模型参数不确定性因素对模拟结果的影响.研究结果表明:含水层不确定情景(含水层下边界概化为隔水底板平均值870 m)与实际情况水头差值绝对值的累计和最大为701 m,对模拟结果起了主控作用;当含水层下边界概化为910,940 m时,累计和分别增加为1 013,1 593 m;与仅考虑单个不确定性因素相比,同时考虑模型参数与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为738 m,同时考虑参数分区与含水层不确定情景累计和最大为791 m.因此,在构建地下水流数值模拟模型时,应优先考虑含水层空间结构概化的合理程度,同时考虑多个不确定性因素对模拟结果的综合影响,使地下水数值模拟模型能更精确地反映真实的地下水流状况.     

不同增稠剂对农药可分散油悬浮剂稳定性的影响

为明确不同增稠剂对以矿物油为分散介质的油悬浮体系稳定性的影响,以12.5%丙炔·吡嘧(丙炔噁草酮·吡嘧磺隆)可分散油悬浮剂为对象,通过流变学和多重光散射方法,研究了有机膨润土、有机高分子和气相二氧化硅3类增稠剂单独使用及有机膨润土和其他两类增稠剂分别搭配使用对可分散油悬浮剂物理稳定性的影响。结果表明:所有样品的流动特性指数(n)均小于1,为假塑性流体,具有触变性。除有机膨润土和高分子增稠剂Atlox Rheostrux100组合使用时体系更符合Casson方程外,其余样品均更符合Herschel-Bulkley方程。单独使用时,有机膨润土对保证体系稳定的效果相对较好;Atlox Rheostrux 100和Atlox Rheostrux200两种高分子增稠剂的效果差别较大,其中Atlox Rheostrux 100效果更好,这可能是由分子结构差异造成;两种气相二氧化硅类增稠剂由于不能有效形成氢键,效果较差。将有机膨润土和有机高分子增稠剂组合使用时,体系的稳定性有所提升,其中有机膨润土869和Atlox Rheostrux 100组合使用效果更好,体系具有较高的黏度,且具有良好的触变性,物理稳定性优异;有机膨润土869和疏水气相二氧化硅R974组合使用时则效果没有明显的提升。研究表明,流变学和多重光散射两种方法均能较好地表征可分散油悬浮剂的物理稳定性;新型高分子增稠剂和有机膨润土具有协同作用,将二者合理组合添加能大幅提升可分散油悬浮剂的稳定性。     

不同乳酸菌组合对苜蓿青贮细菌群落结构的影响

为探讨不同乳酸菌互作对苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青贮细菌群落结构的影响，以2种植物乳杆菌、乳酸片球菌、戊糖片球菌及凝结芽孢杆菌形成的6种乳酸菌组合按1.5 mL·kg^-1的添加量制作苜蓿青贮，以等量蒸馏水替代添加剂作为对照，45 d后运用高通量测序分析细菌群落结构。结果表明，各苜蓿青贮的优势乳酸菌群均为厚壁菌门（Firmicates）的乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）和片球菌属（Pediococcus），二者相对丰度之和为65.4%~79.0%，其中含植物乳杆菌处理高于对照和含凝结芽孢杆菌处理；与对照相比，乳酸菌组合处理提高了菌群Chao1和ACE指数但降低了Simpson和Shannon指数；6个乳酸菌组合处理中，含凝结芽孢杆菌处理组与对照相似性较高，对苜蓿青贮细菌群落影响较小；相关分析表明，苜蓿青贮菌群结构和多样性可较好地解释其营养品质的变化。综上，乳酸菌组合在一定程度上改善了苜蓿青贮的细菌群落结构，其中含植物乳杆菌的组合效果较好。     

油脂预乳化提高大豆拉丝蛋白素食香肠品质

为了提高大豆拉丝蛋白(Textured Fibril Soy Protein,TFSP)素食香肠的品质,该研究将油脂预乳化工艺应用于TFSP素食香肠的加工,利用响应面试验设计优化了预乳化工艺条件,采用质构分析仪测定分析了产品的质构特性,并进行了感官评价。结果表明优化后的最佳预乳化工艺条件为菜籽油含量445g/L、大豆分离蛋白浓度105g/L、乳化机剪切速率9.0×103r/min。与对照组相比,此条件下制作的预乳化-TFSP素食香肠的凝胶强度、硬度和咀嚼性分别提高了约1倍、10%和26%,且产品口感鲜嫩、富有汁液感,感官评价得分显著提高。采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察分析了不同工艺制作的TFSP素食香肠在煮制前后微观结构的变化,结果发现油脂预乳化工艺可大大提高乳化油脂的稳定性和在香肠凝胶基质中的均匀分布,从而使乳化油脂的‘填充作用’得以发挥,不仅增强了TFSP素食香肠的保水保油能力,降低了蒸煮损失率,而且对香肠的质构和感官特性产生了重要影响。因此油脂预乳化工艺是一种辅助提高素食香肠整体品质行之有效的方法。     

Effect of microwave pre-treatment on physical quality,bioactive compounds,safety risk factor,and storage stability of peanut butter

Microwave, as a new heat treatment technology, has the characteristics of uniform and fast heating speed. It is an energy-saving technology known for improving oilseed product quality. Its efficiency mainly depends on the roasting power and time. However, the production of high-quality peanut butter using short-time roasting conditions are limited. Herein, we determined an appropriate microwave roasting power and time for peanuts and evaluated its impacts on the quality of peanut butter. Different roasting powers (400 ​W, 800 ​W and 1200 ​W) and times (4, 4.5, 5, and 5.5 ​min) were preliminarily tested. Among them, 800 ​W at 5 ​min was the most suitable. The roasting efficiency was further evaluated using color, sensory, bioactive compounds, storage stability, and safety risk factors of peanut butter produced from four peanut cultivars (Silihong, Baisha-1016, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414). The pre-treated butter obtained from three cultivars (Silihong, Yuanza-9102, and Yuhua-9414) with moisture content between 5% and 7.2% had a similar sensory score (6–7) as the commercial on a 9-point hedonic scale compare to the other. The color of the pre-treated peanut butter varies statistically with the commercial but remained in the recommended range of Hunter L1 values of 51–52, respectively, for high initial moisture peanut cultivars. The total polyphenol (35.20-31.59 ​± ​0.59 ​μmol GAE/g) and tocopherol (19.05 ​± ​0.35 ​mg/100 ​g) content in the butter obtained from three cultivars (Yuahua-9102, Yuhua, and Baisha-1016) and Silihong respectively, were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) higher than those in the commercial butter. The induction times of all pre-treated butter (19.80 ​± ​0.99–7.84 ​± ​0.07 ​h) were significantly (P ​< ​0.05) longer during storage at accelerated temperature than commercial samples. In addition, no benzo[a]pyrene was found in the pre-treated samples. Collectively, the microwave pretreated peanut butter was superior to the commercial one. These findings provided data support and a reference basis to promote microwave use for peanut butter production.